Promise
Promise
术语
- promise 是一个有then法的对象或者是函数,行为遵循本规范
- thenable 是一个有then方法的对象或者是函数
- value 是promise状态成功时的值,也就是resolve的参数, 包括各种数据类型, 也包括undefined/thenable或者是 promise
- reason 是promise状态失败时的值, 也就是reject的参数, 表示拒绝的
- exception 是一个使用throw抛出的异常值
PromiseA+规范
Promise Status
有三种状态
- pending
- 初始的状态可以改变
- 一个Promise在实例化后,resolve/reject都处于这个状态
- resolve:可以把pending改成fulfilled状态
- reject:可以把pending改成reject状态
- fulfilled
- 最状态,不可改变
- 一个promise被resolve后会变成这个状态
- then之后返回的是新promise,必须有一个value值,不传是undefind
- rejected
- 最状态,不可改变
- 一个promise被rejected后会变成这个状态
- 必须有一个reason值,不传是undefind
状态流转
pending -> reslove(value) -> fulfilled
pending -> reject(reason) -> rejected
then方法
promise应该有一个then方法,用来访问最终结果
Promise.then(onFulfilled,onRejected)
参数要求
- 必须是函数类型,如果不是函数,应该被忽略
onFulfilled特性
- promise变成fulfilled时,应该调用onFulfilled,参数是value
- promise变成fulfilled之前不应该被调用
- 只能被调用一次(需要一个变量来限制执行次数)
onRejected特性
- promise变成rejected时,应该调用onRejected,参数是value
- promise变成rejected之前不应该被调用
- 只能被调用一次(需要一个变量来限制执行次数)
onFulfilled,onRejected执行环境应该在微任务里
- queueMicrotask(()=>{}) 来实现微任务调用
then方法可调用多次(可以用数组去存)
- promise状态变成fulfilled后,所有的onFulfilled回调都需要按照then的原始调用顺序执行
- promise状态变成rejected后,所有的onRejected回调都需要按照then的原始调用顺序执行
返回值
- then方法的返回值应该是一个新的Promise
const promise1=new Promise() const promise2=promise.then(cb1,cb2).then().then() //最后的then是上一个.then返回的promise
- onFulfilled或者onRejected执行结果为x,调用 resolvePromise()
- onFulfilled或者onRejected执行时报错了,promise2就需要被reject
- onFulfilled如果不是一个函数,promise2以promise1的value,触发fulfilled
- onRejected如果不是一个函数,promise2以promise1的reason,触发rejected
resolvePromise
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject)
- 如果 promise2 和 x 相等,以 Tyeperror 作为 reason 去 reject promise。(reject TypeError)
- 如果 x 是一个 promsie
- 如果x是pending态,那么promise必须保持pending,直到 x 变成 fulfilled or rejected.
- 如果 x 被 fulfilled, 以相同的 value 去 fulfill promise。
- 如果 x 被 rejected, 以相同的 reason 去 reject promise。
- 否则,如果 x 是一个 object 或者 是一个 function
- let then = x.then
- 如果取属性 x.then 会导致抛出异常 e,则以 e 为 reason reject promise。
- 如果 then 是一个函数,then.call(x, resolvePromiseFn, rejectPromise),让 x 作为 this 调用它,第一个参数为 resolvePromise,第二个参数为 rejectPromise,然后:
- resolvePromiseFn 的 入参是 y, 执行 resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
- rejectPromise 的 入参是 r, reject promise with r.
- 如果 resolvePromise 和 rejectPromise 都被调用了,或多次调用同一参数,那么第一个调用优先,其他的调用都会被忽略。
- 如果调用then抛出异常e
- 如果 resolvePromise 或 rejectPromise 已经被调用,那么忽略它
- 否则, 把 e 作为 reason reject promise
- 如果 then 不是一个function. 将 x 作为参数执行 promise。
- 如果 x 不是一个对象或者函数,将 x 作为参数执行 promise。
结合代码来看会好很多
一步步实现Promise
用class来实现
class MyPromise {
constructor() {
}
}
定义三种状态类型
const PENDING = 'pending';
const FULFILLED = 'fulfilled';
const REJECTED = 'rejected';
设置初始状态
class MyPromise {
constructor() {
// 初始状态为pending
this.status = PENDING;
this.value = null;
this.reason = null;
}
}
resolve 和 reject 方法
- 根据刚才的规范, 这两个方法是要更改status的, 从pending改到fulfilled/rejected.
- 注意两个函数的入参分别是value 和 reason.
class MyPromise {
constructor() {
// 初始状态为pending
this.status = PENDING;
this.value = null;
this.reason = null;
}
resolve(value) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.value = value;
this.status = FULFILLED;
}
}
reject(reason) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.reason = reason;
this.status = REJECTED;
}
}
}
promise添加入参函数
promise添加入参函数,在初始化promise的时候函数同步执行,有任何异常需reject出去
class MyPromise {
constructor(fn) {
// 初始状态为pending
this.status = PENDING;
this.value = null;
this.reason = null;
try {
fn(this.resolve.bind(this), this.reject.bind(this));
} catch (e) {
this.reject(e);
}
}
resolve(value) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.value = value;
this.status = FULFILLED;
}
}
reject(reason) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.reason = reason;
this.status = REJECTED;
}
}
}
实现一下关键的then方法
- then接收两个参数, onFulfilled 和 onRejected
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {}
- 检查并处理参数, 之前提到的如果不是function, 就忽略. 这个忽略指的是原样返回value或者reason.
isFunction(param) {
return typeof param === 'function';
}
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => {
return value
}
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => {
throw reason;
};
}
- then的返回值整体是一个promise, 先用promise来包裹一下,然后返回出去
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => {
return value
}
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => {
throw reason;
};
const promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {})
return promise2
}
- 根据当前promise的状态, 调用不同的函数
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => {
return value
}
const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => {
throw reason;
};
const promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
switch (this.status) {
case FULFILLED: {
realOnFulfilled()
break;
}
case REJECTED: {
realOnRejected()
break;
}
}
})
return promise2
}
当前代码在then函数被调用的瞬间就会执行. 那这时候如果status还没变成fulfilled或者rejected怎么办? 很有可能还是pending的. 所以需要一个状态的监听机制, 当状态变成fulfilled或者rejected后, 再去执行callback.
- 那么首先要拿到所有的callback, 然后才能在某个时机去执行他. 新建两个数组, 来分别存储成功和失败的回调, 调用then的时候, 如果还是pending就存入数组.
FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST = []; REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST = []; then(onFulfilled, onRejected) { const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => { return value } const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => { throw reason; }; const promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { switch (this.status) { case FULFILLED: { realOnFulfilled() break; } case REJECTED: { realOnRejected() break; } case PENDING: { this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(realOnFulfilled) this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(realOnRejected) } } }) return promise2 }
- 当status发生变化的时候, 就执行所有的回调. 这里用一下es6的getter和setter. 这样更符合语义, 当status改变时, 去做什么事情. (当然也可以顺序执行, 在给status赋值后, 下面再加一行forEach)
_status = PENDING; get status() { return this._status; } set status(newStatus) { this._status = newStatus; switch (newStatus) { case FULFILLED: { this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.forEach(callback => { callback(this.value); }); break; } case REJECTED: { this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.forEach(callback => { callback(this.reason); }); break; } } }
then的返回值 上面只是简单说了下, then的返回值是一个Promise, 那么接下来具体讲一下返回promise的value和reason是什么.
- 如果 onFulfilled 或者 onRejected 抛出一个异常 e ,则 promise2 必须拒绝执行,并返回拒因 e。(这样的话, 我们就需要手动catch代码,遇到报错就reject)
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) { const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => { return value } const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => { throw reason; }; const promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { const fulfilledMicrotask = () => { try { realOnFulfilled(this.value); } catch (e) { reject(e) } }; const rejectedMicrotask = () => { try { realOnRejected(this.reason); } catch (e) { reject(e); } } switch (this.status) { case FULFILLED: { fulfilledMicrotask() break; } case REJECTED: { rejectedMicrotask() break; } case PENDING: { this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(fulfilledMicrotask) this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(rejectedMicrotask) } } }) return promise2 }
如果 onFulfilled 不是函数且 promise1 成功执行, promise2 必须成功执行并返回相同的值
如果 onRejected 不是函数且 promise1 拒绝执行, promise2 必须拒绝执行并返回相同的据因。
需要注意的是,如果promise1的onRejected执行成功了,promise2应该被resolve
这里之前已经在参数检查的时候做过了, 也就是这段代码
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => { return value } const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => { throw reason; };
- 如果 onFulfilled 或者 onRejected 返回一个值 x ,则运行resolvePromise方法
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) { const realOnFulfilled = this.isFunction(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => { return value } const realOnRejected = this.isFunction(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => { throw reason; }; const promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => { const fulfilledMicrotask = () => { try { const x = realOnFulfilled(this.value); this.resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject); } catch (e) { reject(e) } }; const rejectedMicrotask = () => { try { const x = realOnRejected(this.reason); this.resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject); } catch (e) { reject(e); } } switch (this.status) { case FULFILLED: { fulfilledMicrotask() break; } case REJECTED: { rejectedMicrotask() break; } case PENDING: { this.FULFILLED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(fulfilledMicrotask) this.REJECTED_CALLBACK_LIST.push(rejectedMicrotask) } } }) return promise2 }
resolvePromise
resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject) {
// 如果 newPromise 和 x 指向同一对象,以 TypeError 为据因拒绝执行 newPromise
// 这是为了防止死循环
if (promise2 === x) {
return reject(new TypeError('The promise and the return value are the same'));
}
if (x instanceof MyPromise) {
// 如果 x 为 Promise ,则使 newPromise 接受 x 的状态
// 也就是继续执行x,如果执行的时候拿到一个y,还要继续解析y
queueMicrotask(() => {
x.then((y) => {
this.resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
}, reject);
})
} else if (typeof x === 'object' || this.isFunction(x)) {
// 如果 x 为对象或者函数
if (x === null) {
// null也会被判断为对象
return resolve(x);
}
let then = null;
try {
// 把 x.then 赋值给 then
then = x.then;
} catch (error) {
// 如果取 x.then 的值时抛出错误 e ,则以 e 为据因拒绝 promise
return reject(error);
}
// 如果 then 是函数
if (this.isFunction(then)) {
let called = false;
// 将 x 作为函数的作用域 this 调用
// 传递两个回调函数作为参数,第一个参数叫做 resolvePromise ,第二个参数叫做 rejectPromise
try {
then.call(
x,
// 如果 resolvePromise 以值 y 为参数被调用,则运行 resolvePromise
(y) => {
// 需要有一个变量called来保证只调用一次.
if (called) return;
called = true;
this.resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
},
// 如果 rejectPromise 以据因 r 为参数被调用,则以据因 r 拒绝 promise
(r) => {
if (called) return;
called = true;
reject(r);
});
} catch (error) {
// 如果调用 then 方法抛出了异常 e:
if (called) return;
// 否则以 e 为据因拒绝 promise
reject(error);
}
} else {
// 如果 then 不是函数,以 x 为参数执行 promise
resolve(x);
}
} else {
// 如果 x 不为对象或者函数,以 x 为参数执行 promise
resolve(x);
}
}
onFulfilled 和 onRejected 是微任务
咱们可以用queueMicrotask包裹执行函数
const fulfilledMicrotask = () => {
queueMicrotask(() => {
try {
const x = realOnFulfilled(this.value);
this.resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (e) {
reject(e)
}
})
};
const rejectedMicrotask = () => {
queueMicrotask(() => {
try {
const x = realOnRejected(this.reason);
this.resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
})
}
- catch方法
catch (onRejected) {
return this.then(null, onRejected);
}
- 简单写点代码测试一下
const test = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(111);
}, 1000);
}).then(console.log);
console.log(test);
setTimeout(() => {
console.log(test);
}, 2000)
Promise.resolve
将现有对象转为Promise对象,如果 Promise.resolve 方法的参数,不是具有 then 方法的对象(又称 thenable 对象),则返回一个新的 Promise 对象,且它的状态为fulfilled。 注意这是一个静态方法, 因为咱们是通过Promise.resolve调用的, 而不是通过实例去调用的.
static resolve(value) {
if (value instanceof MyPromise) {
return value;
}
return new MyPromise((resolve) => {
resolve(value);
});
}
Promise.reject
返回一个新的Promise实例,该实例的状态为rejected。Promise.reject方法的参数reason,会被传递给实例的回调函数。
static reject(reason) {
return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
reject(reason);
});
}
Promise.race
const p = Promise.race([p1, p2, p3]);
该方法是将多个 Promise 实例,包装成一个新的 Promise 实例。 只要p1、p2、p3之中有一个实例率先改变状态,p的状态就跟着改变。那个率先改变的 Promise 实例的返回值,就传递给p的回调函数。
static race(promiseList) {
return new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
const length = promiseList.length;
if (length === 0) {
return resolve();
} else {
for (let i = 0; i < length; i++) {
MyPromise.resolve(promiseList[i]).then(
(value) => {
return resolve(value);
},
(reason) => {
return reject(reason);
});
}
}
});
}
Promise.all
有一个报错了,其他的Promise还会执行嘛?
- 会的,在实例化的时候就已经执行了
static all(promise_list) {
return new MyPromise((reslove, reject) => {
let res = []
let count = 0//这个变量用来计数
for (let i = 0; i < promise_list.length; i++) {
//检验传来的值是不是promise,直接Promise.resolve,因为Promise.resolve包裹的参数默认就会转Promise,不需要关注类型了
MyPromise.reslove(promise_list[i])
.then((val) => {
count++
res.push(val)
//为何不用resArr.length去判断?是因为执行的可能是异步,
//所以在赋值的时候,很可能先赋值到大的下标,这时候数组长度虽然变长,但是其他Promise并未返回
if (res.length === count) {
reslove(res)
}
})
.catch(err => {
reject(err)
})
}
})
}
验证是否符合PromiseA+
使用promises-aplus-tests插件进行测试
安装
npm i promises-aplus-tests -g
命令行下 promises-aplus-tests [js文件名] 即可验证
static deferred() {
let dfd = {}
dfd.promise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
dfd.resolve = resolve;
dfd.reject = reject;
});
return dfd;
}
全部代码
const PENDING = 'pending'
const FULFILLED = 'fulfilled'
const REJECTED = 'rejected'
class MyPromise {
fulfilled_callBack_list = []
rejected_callBack_list = []
_status = PENDING
constructor(fn) {
this.status = PENDING;
this.value = null
this.reason = null
try {
fn(this.resolve.bind(this), this.reject.bind(this))
} catch (error) {
this.reject(error)
}
}
resolve(value) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.status = FULFILLED
this.value = value
}
}
reject(reason) {
if (this.status === PENDING) {
this.status = REJECTED
this.reason = reason
}
}
then(onFulfilled, onRejected) {
const realOnFulfilled = this.isFun(onFulfilled) ? onFulfilled : (value) => { value }
const realOnRejected = this.isFun(onRejected) ? onRejected : (reason) => {
throw reason
}
const Promise2 = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
const realOnFulfilledMicrotask = () => {
queueMicrotask(() => {
try {
const x = realOnFulfilled(this.value)
resolvePromise(Promise2, x, resolve, reject)
} catch (error) {
reject(error)
}
})
}
const realOnRejectedMicrotask = () => {
queueMicrotask(() => {
try {
const x = realOnRejected(this.reason)
resolvePromise(Promise2, x, resolve, reject)
} catch (error) {
reject(error)
}
})
}
switch (this.status) {
case FULFILLED: {
realOnFulfilledMicrotask()
break
}
case REJECTED: {
realOnRejectedMicrotask()
break
}
case PENDING: {
this.fulfilled_callBack_list.push(realOnFulfilledMicrotask)
this.rejected_callBack_list.push(realOnRejectedMicrotask)
break;
}
}
})
return Promise2
}
catch(e) {
// this.reject(e)
return this.then(null, e)
}
isFun(params) {
return typeof params === 'function'
}
resolvePromise(Promise2, x, resolve, reject) {
if (Promise2 === x) {
return reject(new TypeError('TypeError'))
}
if (x instanceof MyPromise) {
queueMicrotask(() => {
x.then((y) => this.resolvePromise(Promise2, y, resolve, reject))
})
} else if (typeof x === 'object' || this.isFun(x)) {
if (x === null) return resolve(x)
let then = null
try {
then = x.then
} catch (error) {
return reject(error)
}
if (this.isFun(then)) {
let flag = false
try {
then.call(
x,
(y) => {
if (flag) return
flag = true
this.resolvePromise(Promise2, y, resolve, reject)
},
(r) => {
if (flag) return
flag = true
reject(r)
}
)
} catch (error) {
if (flag) return
reject(e)
}
} else {
resolve(x)
}
} else {
resolve(x)
}
}
get status() {
return this._status
}
set status(new_val) {
this._status = new_val
switch (new_val) {
case FULFILLED: {
this.fulfilled_callBack_list.forEach(fn => {
fn(this.value)
})
break
}
case REJECTED: {
this.rejected_callBack_list.forEach(fn => {
fn(this.reason)
})
break
}
}
}
static reslove(params) {
if (params instanceof MyPromise) {
return params
}
return new MyPromise((reslove, reject) => {
reslove(params)
})
}
static reject(reason) {
return new MyPromise((reslove, reject) => {
reject(reason)
})
}
static race(promise_list) {
return new MyPromise((reslove, reject) => {
if (promise_list.length) {
reslove()
}
promise_list.forEach(fn => {
fn.then(reslove, reject)
})
})
}
static all(promise_list) {
return new MyPromise((reslove, reject) => {
let res = []
let count = 0
for (let i = 0; i < promise_list.length; i++) {
MyPromise.reslove(promise_list[i])
.then((val) => {
count++
res.push(val)
if (res.length === count) {
reslove(res)
}
})
.catch(err => {
reject(err)
})
}
})
}
// 目前是通过他测试 他会测试一个对象
static deferred() {
let dfd = {}
dfd.promise = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
dfd.resolve = resolve;
dfd.reject = reject;
});
return dfd;
}
}
//测试demo
var a = new MyPromise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(888)
}, 110)
// resolve(999)
}).then(res => {
console.log(111, res);
})
.catch((err) => {
console.log('err', err);
})
module.exports = MyPromise